ETHICAL AND MANAGERIAL CHALLENGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INTEGRATION IN INDONESIAN EDUCATION: A CRITICAL REVIEW

Abstract

This study explores the ethical and practical challenges surrounding the use of Artificial Intelligence in Indonesian education, with particular attention to management and policy contexts that are often overlooked. Rather than treating AI as a neutral innovation, the study focuses on identifying key moral concerns and operational barriers before considering value-based responses. A critical review of policy documents and peer-reviewed literature published between 2020 and 2025 was conducted using sources indexed in Scopus, Google Scholar, and ERIC. The study adopts a qualitative, descriptive design supported by thematic and textual analysis. The findings suggest that while AI has the potential to support personalized learning and administrative efficiency, its adoption remains limited due to persistent ethical concerns. These include risks to academic integrity, data privacy, and algorithmic fairness. Such challenges are intensified by weak digital infrastructure and low digital literacy, particularly in rural areas. Moreover, the absence of clear national strategies and accountability frameworks further complicates implementation. The study argues that AI integration in Indonesian education requires ethically informed, long-term management that prioritizes governance, capacity building, and inclusive decision-making to ensure AI supports equity rather than deepening existing disparities.